The remarkable asymmetric outflow from the Cygnus Egg Nebula

We present ground based continuum images in the infrared, from 1.2 to 19µm, and an H2 2.122µm line emission image of the post-AGB star AFGL2688, the Cygnus Egg Nebula. We show that the standard model of this source, comprising a fast wind focussed by a dense, equatorial, dusty torus into a bipolar flow at position angle 15$^\circ$ and close to the plane of the sky, cannot explain the combination of kinematic information from previous studies and morphological information in our own observations. Nor are the images consistent with a classical bipolar flow, since the apex of the two lobes observed in scattered light in the visible and near-IR are offset in R.A. with respect to one another. We suggest a model which is physically similar, but substantially different geometrically, in which there is a bipolar flow at a position angle closer to 60$^\circ$, rather than 15$^\circ$, still collimated by a dense, equatorial, dusty torus, but the opening angle of the cones out of which the fast bipolar flow is directed is closer to 90$^\circ$, rather than 20$^\circ$ or so as previously suggested. The bipolar flow axis is inclined by about 20-30$^\circ$, rather than in the plane of the sky as in previous models. The dust distribution in the nebula has to be extremely clumpy, and there is evidence that large scale mass loss from the progenitor AGB star occurred in discrete phases, recurring on a timescale of $\sim$750 years. This model implies a much lower velocity for the 'fast' bipolar outflow than does the standard model, which is consistent with very recent Nobeyama Millimetre Array images in 13CO emission. In support of our new model, we present a full radiative transfer model for the source, in axial symmetry, which reveals that the final phase of heavy mass loss included a superwind phase which lasted about two hundred years and removed about 0.7 M$_{\odot}$ from the envelope of the progenitor AGB star. Our results imply that the progenitor star must have been a relatively high mass AGB star. Our radiative transfer model also demonstrates convincingly that, in contrast with previous models, the core of the nebula has to be exceptionally optically thick, with an optical depth greater than unity even at 10µm

High sample throughput genotyping for estimating C-lineage introgression in the dark honeybee: an accurate and cost-effective SNP-based tool

The natural distribution of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) has been changed by humans in recent decades to such an extent that the formerly widest-spread European subspecies, Apis mellifera mellifera, is threatened by extinction through introgression from highly divergent commercial strains in large tracts of its range. Conservation efforts for A. m. mellifera are underway in multiple European countries requiring reliable and cost-efficient molecular tools to identify purebred colonies. Here, we developed four ancestry-informative SNP assays for high sample throughput genotyping using the iPLEX Mass Array system. Our customized assays were tested on DNA from individual and pooled, haploid and diploid honeybee samples extracted from different tissues using a diverse range of protocols. The assays had a high genotyping success rate and yielded accurate genotypes. Performance assessed against whole-genome data showed that individual assays behaved well, although the most accurate introgression estimates were obtained for the four assays combined (117 SNPs). The best compromise between accuracy and genotyping costs was achieved when combining two assays (62 SNPs). We provide a ready-to-use cost-effective tool for accurate molecular identification and estimation oinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Molecular Phylogenetics of the Genus Neoconocephalus (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) and the Evolution of Temperate Life Histories

BACKGROUND:The katydid genus Neoconocephalus (25+ species) has a prominent acoustic communication system and occurs in large parts of the Neotropics and Nearctic. This group has been subject of numerous behavioral, physiological, and evolutionary studies of its acoustic communication system. Two distinct life histories occur in this group: The tropical life history incorporates multiple generations/year and direct egg development without environmental triggers. Temperate life history is characterized by overwintering in the egg stage, cold trigger of egg development, and one generation/year. This study reconstructs the phylogenetic relationships within the genus to (1) determine the evolutionary history of the temperate life history, and (2) to support comparative studies of evolutionary and physiological problems in this genus. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:We used Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP), and sequences of two nuclear loci and one mitochondrial locus to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. The analysis included 17 ingroup and two outgroup species. AFLP and mitochondrial data provided resolution at the species level while the two nuclear loci revealed only deeper nodes. The data sets were combined in a super-matrix to estimate a total evidence tree. Seven of the temperate species form a monophyletic group; however, three more temperate species were placed as siblings of tropical species. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:Our analyses support the reliability of the current taxonomic treatment of the Neoconocephalus fauna of Caribbean, Central, and North America. Ancestral state reconstruction of life history traits was not conclusive, however at least four transitions between life histories occurred among our sample of species. The proposed phylogeny will strengthen conclusions from comparative work in this group

Evolution of Novel Signal Traits in the Absence of Female Preferences in Neoconocephalus Katydids (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)

Background Significance: Communication signals that function to bring together the sexes are important for maintaining reproductive isolation in many taxa. Changes in male calls are often attributed to sexual selection, in which female preferences initiate signal divergence. Natural selection can also influence signal traits if calls attract predators or parasitoids, or if calling is energetically costly. Neutral evolution is often neglected in the context of acoustic communication. Methodology/Principal Findings: We describe a signal trait that appears to have evolved in the absence of either sexual or natural selection. In the katydid genus Neoconocephalus, calls with a derived pattern in which pulses are grouped into pairs have evolved five times independently. We have previously shown that in three of these species, females require the double pulse pattern for call recognition, and hence the recognition system of the females is also in a derived state. Here we describe the remaining two species and find that although males produce the derived call pattern, females use the ancestral recognition mechanism in which no pulse pattern is required. Females respond equally well to the single and double pulse calls, indicating that the derived trait is selectively neutral in the context of mate recognition. Conclusions/Significance: These results suggest that 1) neutral changes in signal traits could be important in the diversification of communication systems, and 2) males rather than females may be responsible for initiating signa